These subsequent chapters often look at a greater range of art and performance beyond the participatory forms outlined above and in Chapter 1, because they ask how participation in culture is more broadly and fundamentally affected not just by artistic practices but also by policy-making, spatial organization and arts funding.

Financial poverty and time poverty, which often go hand in hand, often form an insurmountable barrier to participation. We will have to address and remove all structural and cultural obstacles so that everyone can contribute, understanding people

seem to offer widespread constructive social engagement, with participants communicating, collaborating, co-creating and mutually supporting one another.

‘Community connectedness is not just about warm fuzzy tales of civic triumph,’ writes Putnam; ‘In measurable and well-documented ways … social capital makes us smarter, healthier, safer, richer, and better able to govern a just and stable democracy.’