Sublime

He had a gift for aphorism; and his names have acquired an unusual status, for although they were once arcane, some of them are now part of colloquial English. Here is the sequence: (1) normal science (§§II–IV—he called these sections, not chapters, for he thought of Structure as more of a book outline than a book); (2) puzzle-solving (§IV); (3) pa

Thomas Samuel Kuhn, qui a élaboré la notion de paradigme : des découvertes scientifiques universellement reconnues qui, pour un temps, fournissent à la communauté scientifique des problèmes types et des solutions, jusqu’à ce qu’un nouveau paradigme vienne apporter un cadre théorique neuf et des conceptions nouvelles.

“To reject one paradigm without simultaneously substituting another is to reject science itself.” A crisis involves a period of extraordinary, rather than normal, research, with a “proliferation of competing articulations, the willingness to try anything, the expression of explicit discontent, the recourse to philosophy and to debate over fundament

Thomas Kuhn introduced the term ‘paradigm shift’ in his controversial book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Kuhn explained that scientific fields go through five distinct phases, the first of which is the ‘pre-paradigm’ phase.

Without the special apparatus that is constructed mainly for anticipated functions, the results that lead ultimately to novelty could not occur. And even when the apparatus exists, novelty ordinarily emerges only for the man who, knowing with precision what he should expect, is able to recognize that something has gone wrong. Anomaly appears only a

But within such communities, there are smaller and smaller groups, so that in the end the analysis should apply to “communities of perhaps a hundred members, sometimes significantly fewer.”31 Each will have its own group of commitments, its own models of how to proceed. Moreover, the achievements are not just anything notable. They are 1. “sufficie

As Kuhn describes it, science oscillates between “normal” periods, when there is a dominant theory within which scientists seek to resolve problems, and periods of “scientific revolution,” in which the general paradigm is swept away and phenomena are reinterpreted within a new conceptual framework.