Sublime

The three things needed to prevent revolution are government propaganda in education, respect for law, even in small things, and justice in law and administration, i.e., “equality according to proportion, and for every man to enjoy his own” (1307a, 1307b, 1310a).

assim como as obras de Braque e Kandinsky não são “mais belas” do que as de Vermeer ou Manet, as reflexões de Kant ou Nietzsche sobre o sentido ou não sentido da vida não são superiores — nem, aliás, inferiores — às de Epicteto, Epicuro ou Buda.

Locke, as we saw, believed pleasure to be the good, and this was the prevalent view among empiricists throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Their opponents, on the contrary, despised pleasure as ignoble, and had various systems of ethics which seemed more exalted. Hobbes valued power, and Spinoza, up to a point, agreed with Hobbes.

most plausible or defensible—

They accepted that the interests of society were above that of the individual. They did not believe in the unlimited individualism of the Americans.

Philosophy introduced a new element to the relationship with external opinion, what one might visualize as a box into which all public perceptions, whether positive or negative, would first have to be directed in order to be assessed, and then sent on to the self with renewed force if they were true, or ejected harmlessly into the atmosphere to be