Sublime

as redes de informação humana foram desenvolvendo dois conjuntos distintos de habilidade. De um lado, como espera a noção ingênua, as redes aprenderam a processar informação para obter um entendimento mais preciso de coisas como a medicina, os mamutes e a física nuclear. Ao mesmo tempo, as redes também aprenderam a usar a informação para manter uma

To deal with such paradoxes we shall adopt an approach that we call model-dependent realism. It is based on the idea that our brains interpret the input from our sensory organs by making a model of the world. When such a model is successful at explaining events, we tend to attribute to it, and to the elements and concepts that constitute it, the qu

In other words, science is the discovery that the secret of knowledge is being open to learning, not believing that we have already tapped into ultimate truth. The reliability of science is based not on certainty but on a radical lack of certainty.

We make models in science, but we also make them in everyday life. Model-dependent realism applies not only to scientific models but also to the conscious and subconscious mental models we all create in order to interpret and understand the everyday world. There is no way to remove the observer—us—from our perception of the world, which is created

This, after all, is the scientist’s calling: to imagine or to do what no one has done before.

Aristotle’s ideas were falsified by Galileo’s, whose ideas were replaced by Newton’s, whose ideas were modified by Einstein. And Einstein’s own theory of relativity broke down at the subatomic level—in the imperceptible land of tiny particles like quarks, gluons, and hadrons—where quantum field theory now rules. We were certain about each of these