Sublime

Rousseau is, however, troubled by the fact that the majority of a people does not necessarily represent its most-intelligent citizens. Indeed, he agrees with Plato that most people are stupid. Thus, the general will, while always morally sound, is sometimes mistaken. Hence Rousseau suggests the people need a lawgiver—a great mind like Solon or Lycu

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All men, Locke argued, are born equal, with a natural right to life, liberty, and property; to protect those rights, they erect governments by consent. Slavery, for Locke, was no part either of a state of nature or of civil society. Slavery was a matter of the law of nations, “nothing else, but the state of war continued, between a lawful conqueror

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Quand j’étais professeur de philosophie, je demandai à mes élèves d’afficher en grand sur l’un des murs de leur chambre une seule phrase, celle de Rousseau : « Obéir à la loi qu’on s’est prescrite est liberté3. »

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“The fairest rules are those to which everyone would agree if they did not know how much power they would have.”—John Rawls

D’où l’importance de l’État de droit et des contre-pouvoirs mais aussi de l’éducation des citoyens à la liberté dont ils doivent assumer la responsabilité ultime. La démocratie n’est donc pas garantie par la Providence ou par un principe transcendant mais par l’engagement des hommes au service de la liberté, ce qui relève d’une forme de pari pascal