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As Jone L. Pearce, associate professor at the Graduate School of Management, University of California at Irvine, wrote in “Why Merit Pay Doesn’t Work: Implications from Organization Theory,” pay for performance actually “impedes the ability of managers to manage.”

Alfie Kohn • Why Incentive Plans Cannot Work

This, according to this thinking, prepares you for doing independent research. Alas, it does not. If you become successful in your research, it was not because you learned to approach writing in this way, but despite it. This

Sönke Ahrens • How to Take Smart Notes: One Simple Technique to Boost Writing, Learning and Thinking

Design Research Labs

Isabelle Levent • 1 card

Refuting a point of view produces antibodies against future influence attempts. We become more certain of our opinions and less curious about alternative views. Counterarguments no longer surprise us or stump us—we have our rebuttals ready.

Adam Grant • Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know

find ways to learn beyond practice, and to assimilate lessons that might even contradict their direct experience.

David Epstein • Range: How Generalists Triumph in a Specialized World

You can’t generalize about “employers” from your limited experience with interviewing. Let’s say you are able to get interviews with two different organizations at least. But they decide not to hire you. You’ll be tempted to stop seeking interviews because you will conclude: “See! What did I tell you? Employers just won’t hire someone with my backg

Richard N. Bolles • What Color Is Your Parachute? Guide to Rethinking Interviews: Ace the Interview and Land Your Dream Job (What Color Is Your Parachute Guide to Rethinking..)

The first is to ask questions that could elicit answers that might contradict your own views. Then listen carefully to the answers. Do the same when canvassing data: look for reliable sources that offer conclusions different than yours. This helps avoid a foolish inconsistency.

Michael J. Mauboussin • Think Twice: Harnessing the Power of Counterintuition

In theUnited States, researchers began by studying communication quantitatively, seeking to establish themselves as a social science. Although these researchers werenever in complete agreement on this objective ideal, quantitative methods were thestandard for many years.

Karen A. Foss • Theories of Human Communication

What began as an explicit search for contradictory evidence—evidence that might undermine the interpretation around which the group was slowly coalescing—turned out, in the end, to generate evidence that made that interpretation even stronger.