Shamanism is a service occupation.

The 1910 publication of Medical Education in the United States and Canada by Abraham Flexner, a review of medical schools across the country commissioned by the Carnegie Foundation, led to millions of dollars in funding for schools such as Harvard, which enrolled mostly upper-class white male students.

But in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century America, against the backdrop of a rapidly industrializing and increasingly wealthy nation, a new expert—the doctor—came to be the indispensable authority on these topics. In his 1894 book The Care and Feeding of Children, Dr. Luther Emmett Holt advised against relying on women’s wisdom and experi