Two Dreams in One Bed: Empire, Social Life, and the Origins of the North Korean Revolution in Manchuria (Asia-Pacific: Culture, Politics, and Society)

In rgog, Japan represented Korea in settling the territorial disputes over Kando, signing the Kando Treaty.

In Manchuria, the governments of the three northeastern provinces (referred to as the Northeast government hereafter), Chinese merchants, and Japan negotiated and disputed with one another. Their triangular politics negated the simpler binary opposition of national and colonial politics.

The exclusion of Koreans in the 1920S pledged to reverse a Chinese policy that had been in place since the mid-nineteenth century, one that encouraged Koreans to become naturalized as Chinese nationals.

Although it continuously called for the eviction of Koreans, it concomitantly implemented policies that allowed Koreans to work as short-term tenants and agricultural laborers.

produced national and ethnic unevenness in the social relations of landlords and tenants and laborers.

of gradual expansion fromthe acquisition of land and expansion of police and military presence to the establishment of full sovereignty.

three parties did share a desire for capitalist development of the region.

Although the Protectorate Treaty signed in 19o5 authorized Japan to represent Korea in international affairs (and thus authorized the signing of the Kando Treaty), the absence of the required signature of the Korean emperor Kojong on the Protectorate Treaty has generated disputes over the validity of both the Protectorate Treaty and the Kando Treat

the common perception that Zhang Zuolin based his power on a feudalistic warlord clique obscures his Janus-faced interactions with Japan and Chinese merchants, through which he pursued his contradictory territorial and capitalist desires.