The Exploit: A Theory of Networks (Electronic Mediations)

But this same wisdom hasn't yet indicated quite what that means, nor how one might be able to draft a critique of networks.

In the broadest sense, protocol is a technology that regulates flow, directs nets pace, codes relationships, and connects life-forms.

Technical protocols are organized into layers (application, transport, Internet, physical); they formalize the way a network operates. This also allows us to understand networks such as the Internet as being more than merely technical.

Protocol is twofold; it is both an apparatus that facilitates networks and a logic that governs how things are done within that apparatus.

In a graph, the number of nodes is called the "order" (in the square example, INI = 4), and the number of edges is called the "size" ( I E I = 4).

Any instance of naming always produces its shadowy double: nominalism, that is, the notion that universal descriptors do not adequately represent the referents…

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This is why contemporary political dynamics are decidedly different from those in previous decades: there exists today a fearful new symmetry of networks fighting networks. One must understand how networks act…

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The first topology is a "politics of symmetry" perhaps best exemplified in the modern era by the symmetrical conflicts between the Soviets and the Americans, or earlier between the Allied and Axis powers. But this mode of political conflict was gradually superseded by a second one, in the second half of the twentieth century, which might

postmodernity is characterized by frictions between structurally incommensurate political diagrams,where ultimately one is…

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