The paradigm we casually call business is just one approach to human exchange. It was built in an industrial era, and for it. Its fundamental assumptions—shareholder value creation, mass production, hierarchical management, disposable goods made for consumers—are today less profitable, useful, worthy, and beneficial than ever. Betterness, in contra

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Twenty-first-century businesses are built on value cycles instead. In stark contrast to linear production, the essence of a cycle is circular production. Circular production adds a “back to life cycle” to the orthodox life cycle. Value cycles consider how resources are utilized after they’re dead or no longer productive—how they are recycled, repur

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