Getting to zero won’t be easy. Harmful emissions are caused by many things that we’ve come to take for granted. Electricity, heating, transportation, large-scale agriculture, and fundamental construction tools like iron and cement – all of these areas will require serious rethinking if we’re to reach the goal.

But even if all vehicles could magically be turned into electric ones overnight and thus stopped burning fossil fuels, there would still be the challenge of providing the electricity needed to charge them. Electricity generation, which still relies heavily on burning coal and natural gas in many countries, is the single largest contributor to carbo

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replace jet fuel with electrofuels and advanced biofuels, but look at the hefty premiums that come with them:16 The same goes for cargo ships.17 The best conventional container ships can carry 200 times more cargo than either of the two electric ships now in operation, and they can run routes that are 400 times longer. Those are major advantages fo

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For pretty much all other materials, the first thing we need is plenty of reliable clean electricity. Electricity already accounts for about a quarter of all the energy used by the manufacturing sector worldwide; to power all these industrial processes, we need to both deploy the clean energy technology we already have and develop breakthroughs tha

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