To deal with such paradoxes we shall adopt an approach that we call model-dependent realism. It is based on the idea that our brains interpret the input from our sensory organs by making a model of the world. When such a model is successful at explaining events, we tend to attribute to it, and to the elements and concepts that constitute it, the qu

Just as children ignore or reinterpret the facts that don’t fit their representations, scientists, at least initially, often ignore or reinterpret facts that don’t fit their theories. Nor is this necessarily a bad thing. We wouldn’t want to rewrite the laws of physics every time an undergraduate screws up in his lab section and gets a weird result.

There is no picture- or theory-independent concept of reality. Instead we will adopt a view that we will call model-dependent realism: the idea that a physical theory or world picture is a model (generally of a mathematical nature) and a set of rules that connect the elements of the model to observations. This provides a framework with which to int

Because creativity  by definition  involves not only novelty but value, and because values are highly variable, it follows that many arguments about creativity are rooted in disagreements about value.