taking the burden off of memory (knowledge in the head) and putting that information into the environment (knowledge in the world).

Sometimes, people have the knowledge, skills, and motivation and there still may be a gap.

Having a skill is different from having knowledge. To determine if something is a skill gap rather than a knowledge gap, you need to ask just one question: Is it reasonable to think that someone can be proficient without practice? If the answer is no, then you know you are dealing with a skill, and your learners will need practice to develop profic

Reduce the complexity of the environment. Let’s say you want to use an elearning simulation to teach someone about the controls in a plane cockpit, but it’s too overwhelming for a novice learner. To scaffold their learning experience, you could fade out all but a few of the key controls for the first few scenarios, and then gradually add controls b

Sometimes a failure to perform is due not to a lack of knowledge but to bad directions or instructions.

Create a forum online and encourage learners to report back on their experiences. • Send periodic emails with examples, tips, and opportunities for learners to self-evaluate. • Have virtual critique sessions that allow learners to post work and get feedback from the community.

get them to tell you stories about application,

to encode the information in the same type of environment where you will also be retrieving that information.

Introduce the habit, and allow learners to brainstorm solutions.