China Worldcraft: From Beijing: Four Concise Keywords of Chinese History You Need to Know to Deal with Chinese

American trading houses, such as Russell & Company and Augustine Heard & Co. were engaged in their tea trading with the Chinese. They were run by business gurus such as the Forbes family and Warren Delano,[89] whose grandson became the President of the United States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

The Qing’s forward deterrence not only established buffer states. It was effective enough to eliminate the seed of another nomadic empire rising out of the plains. The Qing established a series of administrative apparatus and deployed military garrisons to control and monitor the region. It renamed the region Xinjiang, a Chinese name which means a

The economic integration between the Middle Origin and Jiangnan was complete. Its agriculture mastered the technological advances of two harvests in one year, thus enabling massive production of surplus crops. International trade mattered as well. It was enjoying a trade surplus with British East India Company. Silver was exchanged for tea and othe

However, the military dictum goes that an offense is the best defense. Unlike its predecessors, the 18th century Qing dynasty undertook the strategy of forward deterrence. It created zones of influence going beyond the Great Wall into the heart of the nomadic territory. The strategy aimed at taking more proactive measures against the nomads, projec